Coffee Science_v.15, 2020

URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://sbicafe.ufv.br/handle/123456789/12726

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Rooting biostimulants for Coffea arabica L. cuttings
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Azevedo, Harianna Paula Alves de; Carvalho, Alex Mendonça de; Vidal, Douglas Alves; Santos, Heloisa Oliveira dos; Doria, Joyce
In the rooting process of Arabica coffee cuttings, plant hormones are used for inducing root formation. However, synthetic molecules cannot be used to form organic seedlings. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect Cyperus haspan extract and different concentrations and types of humic substances on Arabica coffee cuttings. Arabica coffee shoots were collected, and cuttings containing at least two buds were taken. The experiment had a three-factor design, 2 (presence or absence Cyperus haspan extract) x 2 (humic or fulvic acid) x 4 (0, 10, 25 and 50 mg dm-³ concentrations). The following vegetative data were evaluated: shoot height (cm), survival, remaining leaves, leaf pairs, vigor, number of shoots,root length, area root, volume root, diameter root and fresh and dry mass were also evaluated. The enzyme activity of H+-ATPase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, alcohol dehydrogenase and esterase was also quantified. The results showed that the Arabica coffee cutting rooting rate was increased when treated with humic acid at a concentration of 10 mg dm-³ in the presence of Cyperus haspan extract. The lowest oxidative stress was observed in the 10 mg.dm-³ humic and fulvic acid treatments, regardless of the use of the extract.
Classification, physicochemical, soil fertility, and relationship to Coffee robusta yield in soil map unit selected
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Marbun, Posma; Nasution, Zulkifli; Hanum, Hamidah; Karim, Abubakar
The research was aimed to classify, characterize the physicochemical properties, determine the fertility of the soil, and to obtain the relationship of soil fertility on the character yield for Coffee robusta in the 10 units of the soil map (SMUs) selected. This research was conducted in Silima Pungga-Pungga sub-District, Dairi District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia from July 2014 to June 2017. This research was conducted by overlay the maps, classifying soil profiles, characterizing soil, soil fertility assessing, and regression analysis of soil fertility with the yield for Coffee robusta using IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 software. The result showed the ten from 18 SMUs selected for Coffee robusta had the highest area in sequentially, namely SMU 11, 14, and 1. Based on the ten SMUs selected, found in two representative soil profiles, include the profile 1 (SMU 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18) covering an area of 1,703.30 ha with the inceptisol and profile 10 (SMU 10) covering an area of 176.81 ha with the entisol. Inceptisol has greater thesoil physicochemical properties compared to entisol from ten SMUs selected for Coffee robusta. The effect of cation exchange capacity, base saturation, P-total, K-total, and C-organic have significantly increased the productivity of Coffee robusta by 89.30%. However, the effect was not significant to the 100 grains of dry weight.
Interaction between mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and coffee plants
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Santa-Cecília, Lenira Viana Costa; Silva, Kethullyn Henrique
Mealybugs, Planococcus citri (Risso) and Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are able to colonize several plants, such as coffee (Coffea spp.), where may impair their production. Despite attacking many plants, frequent outbreaks are only found in certain plants. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that P. citri and P. minor show a better performance, i.e., greater longevity and higher reproductive rate, as well as higher survival in a given coffee species and it exists preference for volatiles of certain coffee species. We studied in the laboratory the food preference of these mealybugs through a free choice test and their development and reproduction in Coffea arabica L. cv. Mundo Novo-IAC–379-19 and Coffea canephora (Pierre & Froenher) cv. Conilon 213. The responsiveness of these insects to the volatiles emitted by these coffee plants was analyzed using an olfactometer. The data showed that mealybugs preferred Conilon coffee plants over the Mundo Novo and, despite completing their development in both of them, most of the biological evaluated parameters were affected by the host species. In the olfactometer assays, the volatiles emitted by the coffee plants cv. Mundo Novo and Conilon were equally attractive to these mealybugs. It is concluded that, although there is no discrimination of odors between coffee plants, Mundo Novo and Conilon, both species of mealybugs show food preference for Conilon, having their development and reproduction favored in these plants.
Efect of lnf (cna - cnb) enzyme complex in the drying process and the coffee quality
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Santos, Douglas Freitas; Franco Junior, Kleso Silva; Silva, Carlos Henrique da; Silva Neto, José Francisco da; Paiva, Leandro Carlos; Brigante, Giselle Prado
The world demand for quality coffee is growing and the market is increasingly demanding for sustainable practices, leading coffee growers to search for new coffee processing processes always aiming for maximum quality. The objective of this work was to verify the benefits of using the LNF CNA – CNB enzyme complex in the postharvest process, in order to compare the results of drying time and the final beverage quality of the product. The research was carried out at Fazenda Iracema, municipality of Machado - Minas Gerais, with mechanically harvested coffees from the cultivar Mundo Novo, with 80% maturation, and the treatments were: natural and washed coffee, with and without application of enzymatic complex and drying in suspended, concrete and mixed courtyards (initially in the yard and finished in rotary dryers), the enzyme complex dosage was 1 ml CNB + 2.5 ml CNA per liter of water, applied to 60 liters of coffee. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial scheme (2- types of “washed or natural” processing; 2- with and without enzymatic application; 3 - “suspended, concrete and drying” drying forms), with 4 repetitions per treatment, totaling 48 experimental plots. The coffees were dried to 11.5% humidity and evaluated by the SCAA. It was concluded that the use of LNF (CNA - CNB) enzymatic complex in the coffee drying process did not influence the final drying time results, nor did it influence the coffee beverage aroma attributes. The drying forms directly influence the drying time.
Technical and economic evaluation of different operating modes for mechanized fertilizer application in coffee plantations
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Andrade, Alan Delon; Ferraz, Gabriel Araújo e Silva; Faria, Rafael de Oliveira; Barros, Murilo Machado de; Silva, Fábio Moreira da; Sarri, Daniele; Vieri, Marco
The present study aimed to investigate the performance parameters and related costs of a machinery set composed of a tractor and a machine for fertilizers and soil correctives application, working in a coffee yard. It was evaluated two different operating modes. For the first operating mode (OM1), the machinery applied the total recommended dose to only one side of the plants and traveled in only half of the plot interrows. For the second operating mode (OM2), the machinery applied half the recommended dose to each side of the plants and traveled in all of the plot interrows. The study was performed at Bom Jardim Farm, located in the municipality of Bom Sucesso, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The performance parameters included effective field capacity and effective time. The hourly cost of the fertilizers and soil correctives application operation was determined based on the farm’s management data and the effective cost was obtained by relating the hourly cost and the effective time. The results showed that OM1 implies higher effective field capacity and lower effective cost, with the cost of only 50.1% of that found for OM2.
Physical and mechanical properties of the wood of coffee trunks and branches
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Velloso, Nara Silveira; Magalhães, Ricardo Rodrigues; Santos, Fábio Lúcio; Nunes, Márcio Felipe Pinheiro Neri; Vicentini, Bruno
Knowledge of the physical and mechanical properties of coffee plants is essential to the development of mechanisms that perform the harvesting of their fruits by the principle of mechanical vibrations; however, these properties have yet to be determined in the laboratory. In this context, the present study aimed to determine the mechanical and physical properties of coffee plants through tensile and compression tests by means of a universal testing machine. Elasticity modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and specific mass were determined for specimens developed from the trunks and branches of 20 samples whole coffee plants, Coffea arabica variety, Catuaí Vermelho cultivar. The elasticity modulus was determined by the slope of the secant line in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve. Poisson’s ratio was determined by direct measurements in regions previously marked on the specimens. The conventional specific mass was obtained by the ratio between the mass of specimens and their volume. The methodology allowed the studied properties and a database to be obtained, and they can be used as a basis for the development and operation of the mechanism used in the mechanical and semi mechanical harvesting of coffee fruits. The results obtained indicate the following values for elasticity modulus of the trunk, performed from compression tests: 1090.94 MPa in the longitudinal direction and 108.60 MPa in the cross-sectional direction. For elasticity modulus of the branches, performed from tensile tests in the longitudinal direction: 507.72 MPa. For Poisson’s ratio, determined by direct measurements: 0.25 for the trunk and 0.09 for the branches. And for specific mass: 1070.05 kg.m-3 for the trunk and 1036.33 kg.m-3 for the branches.
Activity of robusta coffee on the expression of CRP and MMP-9 against hyperlipidemia
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Prasetya, Rendra Chriestedy; Fatimatuzzahro, Nadie; Jatmiko, Widy
Hyperlipidemia especially LDL accumulation causing inflammation in blood vessel. CRP and MMP-9 are component that triggering in inflammation process. This study to know activity of robusta coffee against hyperlipidemia on this component. This study using male wistar rats were divided into three groups ; normal, hyperlipidemia and that were given coffee with high fat diet groups. Robusta coffee was given 3.6x10-6 m3 by intragastric gavage. Blood collection was carried out using infra-orbital for analysis of LDL levels. Furthermore, the experimental animals were sacrificed and coronary arteries were taken for CRP and MMP-9 immunohistochemical staining. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed LSD test. Results show The highest expression score for CRP and MMP-9 within the hyperlipidemia group was 188.27 ± 1.8 and 277.56 ± 2.1. The decrease in the expression score of CRP and MMP-9 happened within the ones that were given coffee with 59.33 ± 1.5 and 116.7 ± 0.2 each. Results showed that were differences in the expression of CRP and MMP-9 in all groups (p <0.05). In conclusion, activity robusta coffee can decreases the expression of CRP and MMP-9 against hyperlipidemia.
Hypothenemus hampei ferrari (coleoptera: curculionidae) answer to visual and olfative stimuli in field
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Souza, Rafael Assis de; Pratissoli, Dirceu; Araujo Junior, Luis Moreira de; Pinheiro, Julia de Assis; Souza, Jean Francisco Vimercati; Madalon, Fernando Zanotti; Deolindo, Francieli Destefani; Damascena, Alixelhe Pacheco
The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the main pests of world coffee growing. For the purpose of monitoring the presence of this insect, colored traps and attractives have been developed. Then, the objective of this work was to determine the association between trap colors and ethanol: methanol proportions in the CBB catch, and also to determine the infestation in the coffee plantation by the H. hampei. Painted traps of red, green and colorful (red upper half + green lower half) and six volatile mixtures were used. The reference mixtures consisted of ethanol: methanol (E:M), in the proportions of 1:1 and 1:3, with addition of 0.002 and 0.004 kg of pure caffeine powder. The infestation in the coffee plantation was determined by the H. hampei number count into the fruits and the traps. The insects caught number showed significant interaction between the factors color and mixtures of volatile compounds (F107:85 = 2.46; p < 0.05). The peaks of H. hampei infestation occurred in the stages of grain formation (January) and maturation (April). The red traps with attractive E:M 1:1 + Benzoic Acid had the most significant effects in the H. hampei catch.
Spatial dynamics of coffee production in the state of Parana, Brazil
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Ribeiro, Marina Ronchesel; Ponce, Talita Pijus; Telles, Tiago Santos
Coffee is a commodity of great economic importance for Brazil and for the state of Paraná. In the 1960s and 1970s, Paraná was responsible for half of coffee production in Brazil. However, after 1975, with the occurrence of what was called the “black frost” (geada negra), there was considerable reduction in the area devoted to coffee growing in Paraná. In this context, the aim of this study was to examine the spatial dynamics of coffee production in Paraná, identifying the microregions that have specialized in the activity, and analyze the evolution and spatial distribution of production in the period from 2003 to 2018. To do so, the locational quotient (LQ) method was applied, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed, and cluster analysis was carried out. A reduction in planted area and of the amount of coffee produced in Paraná was found. The results of the LQ denote changes in the spatial dynamics of coffee production, with reduction from 14 to 9 microregions specializing in the activity, and they are concentrated in the North Central and Northeast of Paraná. Two principal components that explained 88.06% of the total variability of the data were identified: the first formed by microregions with high participation in rural credit, and the second by microregions near the processing industries. Four groups were defined based on their degree of specialization, rural credit, and location of coffee industries. This trajectory implies gains in yield and reinforces the importance of investments in technology as a determining factor in development of the coffee production chain.
Agronomic performance of coffee in response to framework pruning in cycles of the “safra zero”
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Maia, Pedro Lage; Tassone, Guilherme Augusto Teixeira; Nadaleti, Denis Henrique Silva; Botelho, Cesar Elias; Botelho, Deila Magna dos Santos; Moreira, Priscila Carvalho; Carvalho, Gladyston Rodrigues
In this paper, we aimed at selecting genotypes of Coffea arabica L. that are responsive to framework pruning, with high productive potential and desirable agricultural features. We evaluated 18 progenies in the F5 generation, 8 of them being from the group Catucaí (breeding of seedlings of Red Catuaí with coffee seeds of the Icatu germplasm) and ten descendants from the Timor Hybrid (breeding of the Red and Yellow Catuaí with the Timor Hybrid), as well as two commercial cultivars as control (Tupi IAC 1669-33 and Obatã IAC 1669-20). The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the Federal University of Lavras. The coffee was pruned in August 2014 after the sixth crop and once again in August 2016, being two cycles in the “safra zero” system. The design used was in randomized blocks (RBD) with three repetitions and 20 treatments (18 progenies and two commercial cultivars) totaling 60 experimental plots. We evaluated the area under the progress curve of incidence and severity of leaf rust and cercosporiosis, the productivity (sacs ha-1), sieve #16 and over (%), mocha-type grains (%) and apparent specific mass of grains (tonm-3). The genotype 12 (H516-2-1-1-18-1-4) was responsive to the framework pruning and kept its productivity stable in both pruning cycles, being efficient in such system of crop conduction, besides presenting low incidence and severity of coffee leaf rust and cercosporiosis and high sieve.
Comparison of sensory attributes and chemical markers of the infrared spectrum between defective and non-defective Colombian coffee samples
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Rodriguez, Yeison Fernando Barrios; Calderon, Karen Tatiana Salas; Hernández, Joel Girón
Defects in coffee affect the sensory quality of finished drink. To avoid this, defective beans are usually removed after threshing, as, once the green beans have been roasted, it becomes difficult to identify the defects. Procedures have been developed to evaluate coffee samples using infrared spectroscopy to detect such defects. As such, this study evaluated infrared spectra and sensory attributes of 39 coffee samples in: commercial ground and instant coffees, medium and high roast quality coffees, and defects present in the coffee. The sensory analysis was performed by 10 judges, semi-trained by a Q-grader, and eleven attributes were assessed using a semi-structured hedonic scale. The spectra obtained from the coffee samples were processed by mean centering, normalization (probabilistic quotient normalization), area normalization, first derivative and second derivative, later followed by principal component analyses. The sensory results showed differences in the evaluated attributes, differentiating between the samples of high quality medium roasted coffee from the other samples. After processing IR spectra of the samples by area normalization, PCA results exhibited four different groups: a) medium, high roasted quality coffee, with broken and chipped defects; b) commercial ground coffee and defects of sour, insect damaged, and faded; c) black defects, and d) instant coffee. Using the chemical descriptors obtained from the infrared spectra, it was possible to separate between high quality, commercial and instant coffee.
Implications of the cut type and apex length of stem cuttings used for the production of plantlets of Conilon coffee
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Verdin Filho, Abraão Carlos; Freitas, Silvio de Jesus; Comério, Marcone; Volpi, Paulo Sérgio; Colodetti, Tafarel Victor; Rodrigues, Wagner Nunes; Fonseca, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da; Posse, Sheila Cristina Pruculi; Fontes, Alexandre Gomes; Christo, Bruno Fardim; Vieira, Luciano Junior Dias
Producing plantlets of Conilon coffee within the specific recommendations and with a high level of quality is fundamental since it is capable of promoting the initial development of the crops. To identify the best protocol to prepare the stem cuttings is fundamental to the process of plantlet production of the species. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the implications of the type of apex cutting and the length of the remaining apex of stem cuttings to produce plantlets of Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora). To this end, two trials were conducted in the Marilândia Experimental Farm (Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Marilândia-ES). The first trial evaluated the types of apex cutting (straight or bevel cut), and the second trial studied the different lengths of the remaining apex (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 cm). Characteristics of the vegetative growth and photosynthetic traits of the plantlets of Conilon coffee were evaluated after 120 days of cultivation in a nursery. The biomass accumulation of the plantlets of Conilon coffee produced by stem cutting may be favored by the use of bevel cut on the apex. The length of the remaining apex does not seem to have a expressive effect over the quality or growth of the plantlets, being only possible to observe effects for leaf area and biomass accumulation.
Physiological responses of Coffea arabica cultivars in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Cruz, Rafaele de Sousa; Araújo, Fausto Henrique Vieira; França, André Cabral; Sardinha, Levy Tadin; Machado, Caroline Maira Miranda
The inoculation of coffee plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may influence some of its physiological parameters, promoting benefits in the growth of newly planted coffee. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological responses of different cultivars of Coffea arabica inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The experiment was conducted in a vegetation house in Diamantina, state Minas Gerais. The design was in randomized blocks, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors were composed of coffee seedlings of Rubi (MG 1192), Mundo Novo (IAC 379-19) and Catuaí Vermelho (IAC 144) cultivars, inoculated or not with FMA Rhizophagus clarus, Acaulospora colombiana and Mix composed by R. clarus and A. colombiana. At 150 days after transplantation, physiological characteristics such as photosynthetic rate, internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, internal carbon / atmospheric carbon ratio and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization were evaluated. AMF inoculation affected positively the physiology of coffee plants, increasing photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration, carbon consumed (ΔCO2), water use efficiency (EUA) and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization (%), as well as reducing the internal carbon concentration (Ci) for all combinations of AMF cultivars and species. The cultivar Rubi, when inoculated with R. clarus or Mix, obtained a higher percentage of colonization. The physiological activity of coffee plants is altered by symbiotic association, and their responses varied between AMF species and cultivars.
Resistance of new Coffea canephora clones to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in the western amazon
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Rudnick, Vaneide Araújo de Sousa; Vieira Junior, José Roberto; Fernandes, Cleberson de Freitas; Rocha, Rodrigo Barros; Teixeira, Alexsandro Lara; Ramalho, André Rostand; Espindula, Marcelo Curitiba; Santos, Anderson Vieira; Anjos, Elize Francisca Mendes dos; Uchôa, Francisco Paiva
Root-knot disease is among the main diseases affecting coffee crop. The plant selection to the development new resistant cultivars is among one the most efficient methods of control. The present work aimed to quantify the resistance responses of Coffea canephora clones to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in the Western Amazon. For this, 17 previously selected clones were evaluated in three experimental trials, carried out in the municipalities of Ji-Paraná and Porto Velho, Rondônia. The resistance to root-knot nematodes M. incognita were evaluated by the numbers of gall in the roots (NG) and by the reproductive factor (RF). The resistance response was also interpreted according the genetic diversity of the clones based in their morphological traits. The clones BRS3210, C12, BRS2314, BRS3137 and BRS1216 are resistant to M. incognita with RF of 0.34, 0.62, 0.79, 0.86 and 0.98, respectively. BRS3213, C125, C15, BRS2336, BRS3220 and C09 clones were classified as susceptible, with RF of 1.93, 1.95, 2.00, 2.31, 2.32 and 2.35. The BRS3193, C160 and BRS2357 clones were classified as very susceptible, with RF values of 3.03, 4.41 and 5.82, respectively. The clustering based on the genetic diversity of morphological traits indicated that genotypes more similar to the Robusta botanic variety had lower RF. The hybrid plants showed intermediate degrees of resistance indicating the segregation for the character of the M. incognita resistance. The clones BRS3210, C12, BRS2299, BRS2314, BRS3137 and BRS1216 expressed resistance responses to M. incognita with potential for growing resistant genotypes in the Western Amazon.
Coffee crop science metric: a review
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Pabon, Carlos David Rodriguez; Sánchez-Benitez, Juliana; Ruiz-Rosero, Juan; Ramirez-Gonzalez, Gustavo
Coffee is one of the leading worldwide drinks; therefore, it represents highly valued trade. However, coffee is a complex food from sowing to harvesting, processing, packaging, selling and consuming, although coffee is important in most of its stages, no studies have analyzed the dynamics of global coffee research. This paper presents an analysis of the evolution of Coffee related international research. It is based on the renowned literature databases published by Scopus and Web of Science. The parameters studied included growth of publications, the main journals, countries, institutions, and an author keywords analysis according to their relationship with topics such as agronomy, health, economy, chemistry or biological compound, product and unclassified words. Interest in harvesting techniques and coffee side factors have been increasing through last years in an exponential trend. Producer and consumer countries have composed a synergy with their research interest, that allows stating an upcoming growing in techniques headed to the quality beverage. The contribution is to visualize state of the art in the area of coffee knowledge to generate trends for future research.
Spatial correlation between the chlorophyll index and foliar npk levels in coffee crop
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Zanella, Marco Antonio; Rodrigues Junior, Francelino Augusto; Sousa, Emanoel Di Tarso dos Santos; Martins, Rodrigo Nogueira; Calijuri, Maria Lúcia
Detection of spatial variability of data that can improve crop management is a key factor for precision agriculture. In agriculture, there is a need for tools to assist farmers in decision-making about proper nutrient management, aiming to achieve their full productive potential. Based on that, this study aimed to (1) determine the spatial correlations between the chlorophyll index (CI) and the foliar levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) in the coffee crop using geostatistical tools; and (2) to evaluate the potential use of this index as a tool for site-specific nutrient management in an irrigated coffee field. For that, a study was carried out in a 2.1 ha area under arabica coffee cultivation in Paula Cândido, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Samplings of the CI were performed in 1141 plants using a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502). Regarding the NPK analysis, leaf samples from one of each 10 plants used to measure the CI were taken for chemical analysis (114 plants). Then, the data were submitted to descriptive and geostatistical analysis. For the spatial correlation analysis, the Moran Bivariate Global (I) and the Local index (Ixy) were used. The results showed a moderate correlation between the CI and N (0.500), showing the potential of the chlorophyll meter as a tool for site-specific nitrogen management in the coffee crop. Differently, the CI is not recommended for P and K management since they were not well correlated. Lastly, as a tool that performs indirect measurements, the results from the chlorophyll meter should be validated by field measurements to local calibrations.
Histochemical approach of the mobilization of reserve compounds in germinating coffee seeds
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Oliveira, Leonardo Araujo; Souza, Genaina Aparecida de; Silva, Bruno Tavares; Rocha, Antônio Augusto Gomes; Picoli, Edgard Augusto de Toledo; Pereira, Diego de Sousa; Donzeles, Sérgio Maurício Lopes; Ribeiro, Marcelo de Freitas; Ferreira, Williams Pinto Marques
The endosperm of coffee beans is an important structure which is composed of different reserve compounds. In the present study, we followed anatomical features during the reserve mobilization of Coffea arabica L. cv ‘Catuaí’ seed samples, harvested at 20 different sites, after 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 30 and 45 days of imbibition. Seed samples were properly stored for enzyme activity assessment and fixed in FAA solution (formaldehyde, acetic acid and ethanol, 1; 1; 18) and kept in ethanol 70% solution, for histochemical analysis. Alternatively, samples for phenolic compounds histochemical test were fixed in Ferrous sulfate in formalin. Fixed samples were cross-sectioned for detection of starch, lipids, essential oils, oleoresins, proteins, phenolic compounds, neutral polysaccharides, alkaloids, β-1,3 and β-1,4 glucans, and lignin. Overall, based on histochemical tests and enzyme activity, seed reserve mobilization was similar among the evaluated altitudes and mountainsides. During soaking, there is an intense consumption of reserve compounds, starting at the region close to the embryo. Reserve mobilization intensifies after root protrusion, from 12 days of soaking. The intensification of the reserve consumption concomitant with an increased activity of MDH is observed at the first 12 days, whereas SOD showed higher expression after 30 days of soaking. At the 30th day, little reserve is observed in the endosperm. At 45th day, cotyledon leaves are expanded, and the root system, constituted by the taproot and lateral roots, is well established.
Coffee protects cardiovascular health by maintaining the structure of coronary arterial wall intimal collagen
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Susilawati, I Dewa Ayu; Suryono, Suryono; Purwanto, Purwanto; Burlakovs, Juris; Yaro, Abubakar
This study aimed to determine whether coffee consumption affects the structure of coronary arterial wall and protects against coronary artery disease (CAD) in atherosclerotic rat model induced by periodontitis. Rats (n=21) were divided into three groups (i) Coffee group (periodontitis + coffee), (ii) Periodontitis group (no coffee), and (iii) Control group (no periodontitis, no coffee). A single dose of coffee suspension (representing one cup) was given daily by stomach sondation to the rats in the coffee group. The experiment was conducted for 5 wk. At the completion of the experiment, all of rats were sacrificed. Their hearts containing coronary arteries were removed and analyzed by histochemistry assay. In addition, the serum level of collagen degrading enzymes matrix metalloproteinase–2 (MMP–2) was also analyzed using Enzyme–link immunosorbent assay (Elisa). Results demonstrated that coronary atherosclerotic lesions including atheroma, stenosis, and vascular occlusion were rarely identified in the coffee group. The coronary arterial wall demonstrated relatively symmetrical intima-media thickness (IMT) and the lumen diameter remained adequate for blood flow. The intimal collagen was intact, dense and thick. MMP–2 level was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the coffee group. In conclusion, coffee maintained the structure of coronary arterial wall particularly the intimal collagen, providing protection against CAD. This might also mediate the vascular resistance against rupture and thrombosis that might precipitate the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Motives for coffee consumption at coffee shops in Mexico
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Cruz-Flores, Maryan Ariadne; Espinoza-Ortega, Angélica; Thomé-Ortiz, Humberto; Vizcarra-Bordi, Ivonne
Coffee is one of the main sources of foreign exchange for developing countries. Mexico accounts only 2.68% of the world coffee production, but represent the most important source of foreign exchange in the agricultural sector. The Mexican coffee began to be recognized in recent years, and despite the increase of the consumption, Mexico is not considered an important consumer. The objective was to analyse the motives for coffee consumption at coffee shops with quality labels. A national and a transnational company were selected in central Mexico to carry out a total of 600 questionnaires. The questionnaire had four sections: frequency of consumption, Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), some images of coffee quality labels, and a socio-economic. The data were analysed using multivariate statistics, factor and cluster analysis. Indifferent, Pragmatic and Hedonic-Dependent consumers were identified; who are mostly young and middle-aged, single, childless and college educated. Their interest in attending coffee shops is to socialize; they are not interested in quality labels which have negative implications for the use of this type of labels in Mexico.
Sensory Q-Grader evaluation of fermented arabica coffees by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and lactic bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici) cultures
(Editora UFLA, 2020) Rodrigues, Sandy Dias; Coelho, Vinicius Serafim; Freitas, Valdeir Viana; Brioschi, Alessandra; Brioschi Júnior, Dério; Guarçoni, Rogério Carvalho; Pereira, Lucas Louzada; Eller, Monique Renon; Cardoso, Wilton Soares
The objective of this study was to evaluate sensorially, by professional Q-Grader, the beverage coffee from fermentation natural and fermentation with the use of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria as starter cultures in wet coffee processing. The Arabica coffee was harvested at two different altitudes in Espírito Santo State. Both coffees went through 04 treatments: inoculated with starter cultures Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YML) or Pediococcus acidilactici CCT 1622 (LAF), natural fermentation (NF) (not inoculated) and Control, without fermentation (WF). The coffee was processed by just the wet process. After process and roasting, the sensorial analysis was performed to understand the impact of fermentation processing in the coffee quality, and was performed by 6 Q-Graders, following SCA protocol. The study evidenced that the use of natural fermentation or starter cultures during post-harvest coffee contributed to obtain a quality beverage with pleasurable sensorial characteristics, punctuated by the tasters in the overall score obtained and also by the high sensory scores in attributes such as fragrance, acidity, aftertaste and the different perceived aromas. This work demonstrates for coffee growers that fermentation technology is not intuitive but requires an understanding of the relationship of the microorganisms with the coffee and the environment. In addition to the other chemical aspects of roasting and brew coffee.