Morphological diversity of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) by in-situ exploration in three agroecosystems West Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Arabica coffee, a type of coffee in high demand, is cultivated in various regions. West Java is a significant contributor to Arabica coffee production in Indonesia. This region has various coffee agroecosystems. The research aims to identify the diversity of West Java Arabica coffee cultivated in different agroecosystems. The research involved observing plantation locations of Arabica coffee in Cimaung, Cilengkrang, and Pangalengan, West Java, in three agroecosystems (agroforestry, intercropping area, and residential area). Fifty-two accessions were found and analyzed using the Shannon diversity index for qualitative characters, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Cluster analysis. The Shannon diversity index revealed the range between 0.221 and 1.55; the PCA results show a variability of 43.208% on two main components (PC1-PC2), indicating a wide variation for Arabica coffee accessions. The characteristics of fruit, seed, and leaf qualitative traits were influential in determining diversity. The cluster analysis explained the distribution patterns of agroecosystems and the relationship of each accession. It showed a close relationship between agroforestry and residential areas. The cluster analysis also revealed distinct variations of accessions in the agroforestry and residential area at Cilengkrang compared to others. Based on the results, these findings could potentially be used as basic knowledge to develop a new Arabica coffee clone, especially in West Java.