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Item Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development(Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2006-06-14) Castro, Renato D. De; Marraccini, PierreIn commercial coffee species (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora), fruit development is a lengthy process, characterized by tissue changes and evolutions. For example, soon after fecundation and up to mid development, the fruit is mainly constituted of the pericarp and perisperm tissue. Thereafter, the perisperm gradually disappears and is progressively replaced by the endosperm (true seed). Initially present in a "liquid" state, the endosperm hardens as it ripens during the maturation phase, as a result of accumulation of storage proteins, sucrose and complex polysaccharides representing the main reserves of the seed. The last step of maturation is characterized by the dehydration of the endosperm and the color change of the pericarp. Important quantitative and qualitative changes accompany fruit growth, highlighting the importance of its study to better understand the final characteristics of coffee beans. Following a description of the coffee fruit tissues, this review presents some data concerning biochemical, enzymatic and gene expression variations observed during the coffee fruit development. The latter will also be analyzed in the light of recent data (electronic expression profiles) arising from the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.Item Genetics of coffee quality(Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2006-06-14) Leroy, Thierry; Ribeyre, Fabienne; Bertrand, Benóit; Charmetant, Pierre; Dufour, Magali; Montagnon, Christophe; Marraccini, Pierre; Pot, DavidCoffee quality, in the present context of overproduction worldwide, has to be considered as a main selection criterion for coffee improvement. After a definition of quality, and an overview of the non genetic factors affecting its variation, this review focuses on the genetic factors involved in the control of coffee quality variation. Regarding the complexity of this trait, the different types of quality are first presented. Then, the great variation within and between coffee species is underlined, mainly for biochemical compounds related to quality (caffeine, sugars, chlorogenic acids, lipids). The ways for breeding quality traits for cultivated species, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora are discussed, with specific challenges for each species. For C. arabica, maintaining a good quality in F1 intraspecific hybrids, introgressed lines from Timor hybrid, and grafted varieties are the main challenges. For C. canephora, the improvement is mainly based on intraspecific and interspecific hybrids, using the whole genetic variability available within this species. An improvement is obtained for bean size, with significant genetic gains in current breeding programmes. The content in biochemical compounds related to cup quality is another way to improve Robusta quality. Finally, ongoing programmes towards the understanding of the molecular determinism of coffee quality, particularly using coffee ESTs, are presented.Item The lipid fraction of the coffee bean(Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2006-06-14) Speer, Karl; Kölling-Speer, IsabelleThe lipid fraction of coffee is composed mainly of triacylglycerols, sterols and tocopherols, the typical components found in all common edible vegetable oils. Additionally, the so-called coffee oil contains diterpenes of the kaurene family in proportions of up to 20 % of the total lipids. Diterpenes are of interest because of their analytical and physiological effects. The composition of the main lipid components of the two most important coffee species, Coffea arabica and Coffea canphora var. Robusta is presented. In addition, the influences of typical processes like roasting and steaming on selected lipid components as well as the effects of the storage of green coffee beans under different conditions will be described. Furthermore, new findings regarding the 5-hydroxytryptamides, the main parts of the coffee wax located on the outer layer of the bean and the recently identified components coffeadiol and arabiol I will also be discussed.Item Amostragem de cigarrinhas (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) através de armadilhas de Moericke em cafeeiro arábica(Instituto Biológico, 2007) Lara, R. I. R.; Perioto, N. W.; Freitas, S. deEste estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o padrão de variação populacional de cigarrinhas (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) associadas ao cafeeiro, em Cravinhos, SP. As amostragens foram realizadas, semanalmente, no período de abril de 2005 a abril de 2006 através de 60 armadilhas de Moericke instaladas nos terços médio e inferior das plantas. Foram coletados 3.243 exemplares de cigarrinhas pertencentes a 8 espécies: Bahita infuscata, Coelidiana diminuta, Dilobopterus costalimai, Docalidia bifurcata, Joruma (Joruma) sp., Labocurtidia sp., Oncometopia facialis e Scaphytopius irrorellus. As maiores abundâncias destes cicadelídeos associados à cultura do cafeeiro ocorreram no período chuvoso; as espécies de cicadelídeos coletadas foram constantes e as armadilhas de Moericke instaladas no terço médio das plantas foram mais eficientes para a captura deste grupo de insetos. Verificou-se correlação positiva significativa entre os valores populacionais de D. costalimai com a pluviosidade e as temperaturas máxima e mínima e, para O. facialis, foi apenas com a temperatura mínima.Item Coffee resistance to the main diseases: leaf rust and coffee berry disease(Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 2006-06-14) Silva, Maria do Céu; Várzea, Victor; Guerra-Guimarães, Leonor; Azinheira, Helena Gil; Fernandez, Diana; Petitot, Anne-Sophie; Bertrand, Benoit; Lashermes, Philippe; Nicole, MichelConsiderable success has been obtained in the use of classical breeding to control economically important plant diseases, such as the coffee leaf rust and the coffee berry disease (CBD). There is a strong consensus that growing genetically resistant varieties is the most appropriate cost effective means of managing plant diseases and is one of the key components of crop improvement. It has also been recognized that a better knowledge of both, the pathogens and the plant defence mechanisms will allow the development of novel approaches to enhance the durability of resistance. After a brief description of concepts in the field of plant disease resistance, we attempt to give a view of the research progress on coffee leaf rust and CBD concerned with the pathogens infection and variability, coffee breeding for resistance and coffee resistance mechanisms.Item Selection for durable resistance to leaf rust using test-crosses on IAPAR-59 and Tupi IAC 1669-33 cultivars of Coffea arabica(Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná - Tecpar, 2007-10-05) Sera, Gustavo Hiroshi; Sera, Tumoru; Ito, Dhalton Shiguer; Azevedo, José Alves de; Mata, João Siqueira da; Doi, Deisy Saori; Ribeiro Filho, ClaudionorThe aim of this study was to identify plants of the IAPAR-59 and Tupi IAC 1669-33 coffee cultivars with less defeated resistance genes by the rust races present at IAPAR (Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil) using test-crosses. Eighteen test-crosses derived from hybridizations between 'IAPAR-59' or 'Tupi IAC 1669-33' with susceptible coffee to the rust disease were evaluated. Six hybrids were used as susceptible standards originated from hybridizations between two susceptible coffee plants. Many parental plants of the 'IAPAR-59' and 'Tupi IAC 1669-33' presented more defeated resistance genes against rust races present at IAPAR than others of these cultivars or the genes were in heterozygous, because of segregant susceptible plants observed in some test-crosses. The test-crosses were very efficient to identify plants with less defeated resistance genes to the H. vastatrix. Coffee plants considered resistants would must be made test-crosses to verify which plants presented less and/or more defeated genes in homozygous.Item Applying different infective structures of Beauveria bassiana to Coffea arabica infested with Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under field(Instituto Biológico, 2023-01-09) Pereira, Raquel Moraes Costa; Almeida, José Eduardo Marcondes de; Batista Filho, AntonioCoffee is the most appreciated beverage in worldwide; Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of this commodity. Organochlorine endosulfan was banned from the country in 2013 due to its teratogenic agent-related features. Since then, coffee plantations have experienced increased Hypothenemus hampei infestation rates. The aim of the current study is to assess variations in the rates of Coffea arabica fruits brocaded by H. hampei after the application of entomopathogenic fungal species Beauveria bassiana IBCB66. Experiments were carried out with ‘Catuaí’ and ‘Mundo Novo’ cultivars between 2018 and 2020, during the borer transit period. Three experiments were carried out based on the application of the aforementioned fungal species on the investigated coffee plant species, both by spraying and sprinkling, at 30-day intervals; 10 fruits were collected per face of each useful plant in each repetition. The experiment has followed a randomized blocks design with five treatments, including the control, and five repetitions, each. Beauveria bassiana Ecobass (IBCB66) wettable powder spray, at the concentration of 2 × 1013·ha–1, was used in experiments I and II. On the other hand, the mix used in experiment III was prepared with blastospores at concentration of 5 × 1012·ha–1 blastospores + 0.1% Silwet. The sprinkling process in all three experiments has used dry aerial conidia at concentration of 2 × 1013·ha–1. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), which was followed by Fisher’s test at 5% probability level, in the SISVAR software. More than 35,000 fruits were assessed. In addition to variations between experiments, results have evidenced that the rate of brocaded fruits remained high.Item Diversidade de ácaros (Arachnida: Acari) em cinco cultivares de duas espécies de cafeeiros (Coffea spp.) em Garça, Estado de São Paulo(Instituto Biológico, 2006) Mineiro, J.L. de C.; Sato, M.E.; Raga, A.; Arthur, V; Cangani, K.G.; Barbosa, F.V.O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade de ácaros em cinco diferentes cultivares de duas espécies de cafeeiros, no Município de Garça, SP. Foram estudadas as seguintes espécies e cultivares de cafeeiro: Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner cv. Apoatã e Coffea arabica L. cultivares Mundo Novo, Icatu Vermelho, Icatu Amarelo e Catuaí Amarelo. Os ácaros foram obtidos de folhas, amostradas do terço médio em 10 plantas ao acaso de cada cultivar. A amostragem foi realizada mensalmente, entre abril de 2001 e junho de 2003. Apoatã foi a cultivar que apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies e o maior número de espécimes na superfície das folhas. Por outro lado, essa mesma cultivar foi a que apresentou o menor número de espécies e de espécimes no interior das domácias. A cultivar Icatu Vermelho foi a que apresentou a maior uniformidade na distribuição das espécies de ácaros enquanto a cultivar Apoatã a que apresentou a menor. Na superfície das folhas, as espécies fitófagas Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) e Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) foram muito abundantes e freqüentes em todas as cultivares, enquanto os predadores Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma e E. concordis (Chant), ambos Phytoseiidae, foram os mais abundantes e freqüentes. Nas domácias, os ácaros mais freqüentes foram os predadores da família Stigmaeidae, sendo Zetzellia malvinae Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira mais abundante em todas as cultivares de C. arabica e Agistemus brasiliensis Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira muito abundante apenas na cultivar Icatu Vermelho.Item Compatibilidade de Beauveria bassiana com agrotóxicos visando o controle da cochonilha-da-raiz-do-cafeeiro Dysmicoccus texensis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)(Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 2004-09-24) Andaló, Vanessa; Moino Jr., Alcides; Santa-Cecília, Lenira V.C.; Souza, Giselle C.Várias são as substâncias químicas usadas no controle de insetos, doenças e plantas invasoras, porém muitos desses produtos são tóxicos ao homem e aos animais, além de reduzir o potencial de controle de predadores, parasitóides e entomopatógenos. O controle integrado utilizando agrotóxicos seletivos e fungos entomopatogênicos é uma estratégia viável, porém alguns destes produtos podem atuar negativamente sobre estes microrganismos, reduzindo crescimento vegetativo, esporulação e viabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de agrotóxicos aplicados na cultura do cafeeiro, sobre o fungo Beauveria bassiana (isolado UEL 114), visando o controle da cochonilha-da-raiz-do-cafeeiro. Uma suspensão de 1 x 10(7) conídios viáveis/ml do fungo foi adicionada a soluções dos produtos nas concentrações recomendadas. Após 1h, foi feito o plaqueamento em meio BDA, e a quantificação dos conídios germinados após 20h. O crescimento vegetativo e a esporulação foram avaliados oito dias após a inoculação do fungo em meio BDA contendo os produtos nas concentrações recomendadas, e mantido em câmara B.O.D. à temperatura de 25 ± 1ºC, fotofase de 12 h e umidade relativa de 70 ± 10%. Foram medidos o diâmetro médio das colônias e quantificados os conídios produzidos em câmara de Neubauer. Azafenidine, quintozene, simazine + ametrine, 2,4-D, acetoclor e oxifluorfem afetaram a germinação dos conídios de B. bassiana. Tiametoxam, imidaclopride, carbofuram e pencicurom foram compatíveis; ao passo que glifosato, dimetilurea, azafenidine, quintozene, simazine + ametrine, 2,4-D, acetoclor e oxifluorfem reduziram significativamente o crescimento vegetativo e esporulação do isolado UEL 114 de B. bassiana.Item Partitioning of nitrate reductase activity in Coffea arabica L. and its relation to carbon assimilation under different irradiance regimes(Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2007-03-26) Carelli, Maria Luiza C.; Fahl, Joel I.The distribution of in vivo nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) activity (NRA) between leaves and roots was studied in young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) grown in pots with watered sand in a glasshouse and irrigated with nutrient solution. The influence of irradiance regimes on the partitioning of NRA, and its relation with CO2 assimilation, was also evaluated in plants grown under approximately 20, 50 and 100% of full sunlight. Time-course of nitrate accumulation in nitrogen-starved plants showed a similar pattern in leaves and roots after supplying 15 mmol L-1 nitrate, indicating efficient ability of the roots to export nitrate to the shoot. At the same time, NRA was rapidly induced in both tissues. In shoots, NRA partitioning was synchronized among the various leaf pairs. The initial increase in NRA, as each leaf pair emerged, coincided with the optimum NRA values of the next older leaf pair. However, the average shoot NRA remained relatively constant for each sampling date. During the first 23 weeks of vegetative growth, the mean NRA was 32% higher in leaves than in roots. The irradiance regimes influenced the partitioning of NRA between leaves and roots. The NRA leaf /root ratio was 0.72, 1.21 and 1.05, respectively, for plants grown under 20%, 50% and 100% of full sunlight. Leaf NRA was positively correlated with CO2 assimilation, in response to irradiance regimes. Under favorable CO2 assimilation conditions, higher NRA was observed in leaves than in roots, and the contrary trend occurred under limiting CO2 assimilation conditions. Under moderate irradiance regime the leaves were the main site of nitrate reduction, contributing with 70% of the whole plant nitrate assimilation.