Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo
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Item Mechanized and irrigated coffee cultivation promotes physical subsurface constraints in Oxisols(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2025-06-16) Escobar, Katherine Martinez; Silva, Laís Maria Rodrigues; Morais, Keise Duarte Bacelar de; Neves, Júlio César Lima; Oliveira, Teogenes Senna deSoils of the Cerrados (Brazilian Savanna) are deep, well-structured, and well-drained, with flat to gently undulating terrain that favors mechanization for coffee cultivation. However, these soils are susceptible to compaction. This study aimed to assess the effect of mechanization on the physical characteristics of an Oxisol under irrigated coffee cultivation in the Alto Paranaíba-Minas Gerais State. We selected eight areas with different cultivars and years of Arabica coffee plantation, sampling five positions: right soil under the tree crown (RSC), right tractor lines (RTL), interrows (IR), left tractor lines (LTL), and left soil under the tree crown (LSC) at layers of 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.30-0.40 m. We conducted principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance, comparing means through Tukey’s test (p<0.05). The PCA selected three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) composed of 12 physico-chemical properties from a total of 27 evaluated. Total porosity (TP), mean penetration resistance (PRmean), volumetric moisture (θ) at 100 kPa (θ 100 kPa) and 300 kPa (θ 300 kPa) tensions, particle density (PD), and granulometric fractions (clay, fine sand, and coarse sand) were among the most influential attributes. Total porosity and PRmean demonstrated the existence of compaction in the tractor wheel tracks, particularly in the 0.00-0.20 m layer. The 3.5-year-old plantation did not show significant variations in these properties. The θ 100 kPa and θ 300 kPa were higher in the compacted areas, indicating increased water retention but potentially limiting aeration. Clay content increased with depth, while sand fractions decreased, influencing the soil susceptibility to compaction. The vigor of coffee plants, as identified by satellite images (NDVI), could not be fully associated with the physical constraints of the subsurface, as even areas with low vigor did not consistently correlate with poor physical properties in laboratory analyses. These findings highlight the complex interplay between soil physical properties and coffee plant performance, emphasizing the need for comprehensive management strategies in mechanized coffee cultivation.Item Soil physical, chemical and biological properties in Conilon coffee intercropping systems(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2024-04-08) Souza, Joabe Martins de; Pires, Fábio Ribeiro; Pezzopane, José Ricardo Macedo; Chagas, Kristhiano; Nascimento, Alex Favaro; Rodrigues, José de Oliveira; Czepak, Marcio Paulo; Nascimento, Adriel LimaShaded coffee systems may offer a series of benefits, however, studies on shaded cultivation of Conilon coffee crops are still scarce in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties of two Conilon coffee intercropping systems from southeastern Brazil. Two commercial coffee crops – one shaded by macadamia trees and the other by green dwarf coconut trees – were evaluated according to three treatments: coffee plants in the inter-row of the tree species; coffee plants in the same row of the trees; and unshaded coffee. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replicates. Coffee plants intercropped with macadamia trees, both intra- and inter-row, resulted in less soil compaction than unshaded systems. As for intercropping with green dwarf coconut trees, the unshaded system presented lower soil resistance to penetration. Differences in physical properties between treatments allow no inferences about intercropping systems influence on green coconut trees. Intercropped coffee improves soil chemical properties, resulting in greater soil fertility than unshaded systems, and showed greater soil organisms. These findings indicate that Conilon coffee-macadamia intercropped with tree species represents a promising alternative for sustainable soil management.Item Cover crops in between-rows of Coffea canephora for reduction of soil erosion(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2025-03-17) Souza, Gustavo Soares de; Domiciano, Mateus Lopes; Sarnaglia, Gildásio Ribeiro; Pretti, Irany Rodrigues; Gonçalves, Petterson Teixeira; Kaulz, Marciano; Oliveira, Evandro Chaves de; Moreira, Raphael Magalhães GomesSoil erosion in tropical environments causes environmental, social and economic damage. Canephora coffee crops are impacted by soil erosion and testing alternatives to mitigate this damage is a current need. This study aimed to evaluate the losses of sediment, organic carbon, nutrients and surface runoff caused by water erosion in between-rows spacing of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner plants in management with and without cover crops, and the effect of the intensity of rains on sediment loss and the surface runoff. The management practices tested in between-rows spacing of coffee plants were: ES - exposed soil after manual weeding with a hoe; CC1- soil covered by palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster] and nutsedge grass (Cyperus rotundus L.); and CC2- soil covered with purslane plant (Portulaca oleracea L.). Nine experimental plots were installed to measure losses of sediment, organic carbon, nutrients and surface runoff in the periods from September/2021 to March/2022 and from September to December/2022. The CC1 and CC2 reduced losses of sediment, organic carbon, nutrients and the volume of surface runoff from 37 to 86 % compared to ES. The increase in volume and rainfall intensities increased sediment loss and the surface runoff linearly, being more intense in ES management. The maintenance of the cover crops in between-rows spacing of coffee plants proved to be advantageous for mitigating losses of sediment, organic carbon, nutrients and surface runoff caused by water erosion, contributing to soil conservation and the sustainability of canephora coffee production.Item Soil physical, chemical and biological properties in Conilon coffee intercropping systems(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2024-04-08) Souza, Joabe Martins de; Pires, Fábio Ribeiro; Pezzopane, José Ricardo Macedo; Chagas, Kristhiano; Nascimento, Alex Favaro; Rodrigues, José de Oliveira; Czepak, Marcio Paulo; Nascimento, Adriel LimaShaded coffee systems may offer a series of benefits, however, studies on shaded cultivation of Conilon coffee crops are still scarce in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties of two Conilon coffee intercropping systems from southeastern Brazil. Two commercial coffee crops – one shaded by macadamia trees and the other by green dwarf coconut trees – were evaluated according to three treatments: coffee plants in the inter-row of the tree species; coffee plants in the same row of the trees; and unshaded coffee. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replicates. Coffee plants intercropped with macadamia trees, both intra- and inter-row, resulted in less soil compaction than unshaded systems. As for intercropping with green dwarf coconut trees, the unshaded system presented lower soil resistance to penetration. Differences in physical properties between treatments allow no inferences about intercropping systems influence on green coconut trees. Intercropped coffee improves soil chemical properties, resulting in greater soil fertility than unshaded systems, and showed greater soil organisms. These findings indicate that Conilon coffee-macadamia intercropped with tree species represents a promising alternative for sustainable soil management.Item Doses de gesso em cafeeiro: influência nos teores de cálcio, magnésio, potássio e ph na solução de um latossolo vermelho distrófico(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2013-08-24) Ramos, Bárbara Zini; Toledo, João Paulo Vaz Floriano; Lima, José Maria de; Serafim, Milson Evaldo; Bastos, Ana Rosa Ribeiro; Guimarães, Paulo Tácito Gontijo; Coscione, Aline RenéeUnbalanced amounts of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ in soils as a consequence of high gypsum applications can be due to the relationship in size (ionic radius) and charge density (charge/ ionic radius) of each ionic species. The higher the ionic strength, the stronger is the bonding of these cations with the opposite charge ions such as OH- , SO4 -2. Thus, excessive gypsum applications, disregarding the charge balance of the soil colloidal system, the ionic balance of the solution, and the CEC, can result in significant leaching of these nutrients throughout the soil profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high gypsum rates (0, 7, and 56 t ha-1) on the pH and Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ contents in aqueous soil extracts of a dystrophic Red Latosol with coffee. The soil was sampled in the coffee rows in the following depths: 0.15- 0.25; 0.35-0.45; 0.75-0.85; 1.15-1.25, and 2.35-2.45 m, 16 months after gypsum application. The experiment consisted of four treatments: G-0 – 2 t ha-1 of gypsum was applied in total área during soil preparation, with brachiaria between coffee rows; G-7 - same as in G-0 plus 7.0 t ha-1 of gypsum applied to the coffee rows; G-56 – same as in G-0 plus 56 t ha-1 of gypsum applied to the coffee rows; and CV-7 - same as in G-7 but without brachiaria between the coffee rows. The experiments were conducted in triplicate, in a randomized block design. After 16 months, there was a reduction of the pH of the soil solution in the layers 0.15-0.25, 0.35-0.45, and 0.75-0.85 m. Gypsum improved the root environment in deeper layers, increasing Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the soil solution, but reduced K+ below 0.85 m. The amounts of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ found in the soil solution were above the critical level while exchangeable K+ was within the range indicated for the crop.Item Aggregate stability by the "high energy moisture characteristic" method in an oxisol under differentiated management(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2014-10) Silva, Érika Andressa da; Oliveira, Geraldo César de; Silva, Bruno Montoani; Carducci, Carla Eloize; Avanzi, Junior Cesar; Serafim, Milson EvaldoStudies testing the High Energy Moisture Characteristic (HEMC) technique in tropical soils are still incipient. By this method, the effects of different management systems can be evaluated. This study investigated the aggregation state of an Oxisol under coffee with Brachiaria between crop rows and surface-applied gypsum rates using HEMC. Soil in an experimental area in the Upper São Francisco region, Minas Gerais, was studied at depths of 0.05 and 0.20 m in coffee rows. The treatments consisted of 0, 7, and 28 Mg ha-1 of agricultural gypsum rates distributed on the soil surface of the coffee rows, between which Brachiaria was grown and periodically cut, and compared with a treatment without Brachiaria between coffee rows and no gypsum application. To determine the aggregation state using the HEMC method, soil aggregates were placed in a Büchner funnel (500 mL) and wetted using a peristaltic pump with a volumetric syringe. The wetting was applied increasingly at two pre-set speeds: slow (2 mm h-1) and fast (100 mm h-1). Once saturated, the aggregates were exposed to a gradually increasing tension by the displacement of a water column (varying from 0 to 30 cm) to obtain the moisture retention curve [M = f (Ψ) ], underlying the calculation of the stability parameters: modal suction, volume of drainable pores (VDP), stability index (slow and fast), VDP ratio, and stability ratio. The HEMC method conferred sensitivity in quantifying the aggregate stability parameters, and independent of whether gypsum was used, the soil managed with Brachiaria between the coffee rows, with regular cuts discharged in the crop row direction, exhibited a decreased susceptibility to disaggregation.Item Land Use and Changes in Soil Morphology and Physical-Chemical Properties in Southern Amazon(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2017) Melo, Vander Freitas; Orrutéa, Alessandro Góis; Motta, Antônio Carlos Vargas; Testoni, Samara AlvesMany Amazonian farmers use the slash-and-burn method rather than fertilization for crop production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the morphological, physical, and chemical properties of naturally fertile Inceptisols after conversion from native forest to different uses in southern Amazonia, Brazil. Land covered by dense native forest (NF) was split into four areas of 1.0 ha each. Three areas were slashed and burned and then cultivated for 11 years with coffee (CO), secondary forest (SF), and pasture (PA). Four soil profiles were sampled in each treatment (four uses × four replicates). The mean value distribution of each physical and chemical analysis was determined for different depths, and standard error bars were placed to display significant differences among treatments. Results showed that morphology and physical properties were negatively affected after the establishment of PA and CO: a reduction in the thickness of the A horizon and in aggregate stability, a decrease in total porosity and macroporosity, and an increase in aggregate size and bulk density. Soil bulk density (SBD), geometric mean diameter of water-stable aggregates (GMD), and microporosity (SMi) were higher in soil under pasture as a consequence of more intense soil surface compaction. Native and secondary forests were the only treatments that showed granular structures in the A horizon. Significant differences between native forest and secondary forest were mainly found in the top soil layer for total porosity (STP) (NF>SF), macroporosity (SMa) (NF>SF), SBD (NF>SF) and GMD (SF>NF). Phosphorus contents in the A horizon increased from 6.2 to 21.5 mg kg-1 in PA and to 27.2 mg kg-1 in SF. Soil under coffee cultivation exhibited the lowest levels of Ca2+ and sum of bases in surface horizons. In all slash-and-burn areas there was a reduction in the C stock (Mg ha-1) of the A horizon: native forest 6.3, secondary forest 4.5, pasture 3.3, and coffee 3.1.Item Physiological and morphological responses of Arabica coffee cultivars to soil compaction(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2023-12-22) Ramos, Elísia Gomes; Barros, Vanessa Maria de Souza; Miranda, José Danizete Brás; Silva, Laís Maria Rodrigues; Neves, Júlio Cesar Lima; Meira, Renata Maria Strozi Alves; Oliveira, Teogenes Senna deCompaction caused by mechanization affects soil quality and, consequently, the development of crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different degrees of soil compaction on the physiology, morphology, and anatomy of different coffee cultivars in a controlled environment. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with randomized block design in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement, with five coffee cultivars (Arara, Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Catuaí Vermelho 144, MGS Paraíso 2 and Mundo Novo IAC 379-19) and five degrees of compaction (68, 74, 80, 86 and 92 %), with four repetitions, totaling 100 experimental units. The following variables were evaluated in the aboveground biomass: plant height, number of leaves, diameter of the orthotropic branch, fresh mass of leaves and stem, leaf area, gas exchange, and chlorophyll a and b index; in the roots: length, surface area, volume, diameter of fine and coarse roots, fresh and dry mass of roots, as well as anatomical characteristics. Results showed that soil with degrees of compaction above 80 % negatively affected the variables evaluated. Catuaí Vermelho 144 presented the worst performance regardless of the degree of compaction, while Arara and MGS Paraíso 2 showed the best performance under the evaluated compaction degrees. Anatomical structure of the roots was modified with soil compaction, and no differences were observed among cultivars.Item Load-bearing capacity and critical water content of the coffee plantation soil with management in full sun and shaded(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2022-09-12) Lacerda, Kasé Santos; Vargas, Rafaela Carvalho; Ribeiro, Kleber Mariano; Dias Junior, Moacir de Souza; Ribeiro, Kátia Daniela; Abreu, Dorotéo deNew management practices applied to coffee crops may influence the soil’s capacity to tolerate vertical stresses. This paper aimed to evaluate the influence of two coffee crop management systems on the soil load-bearing capacity and critical soil water content to agricultural machinery traffic. This study was performed in the experimental area of the Federal Institute of the Southeast of Minas Gerais - Rio Pomba college, in Rio Pomba city, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico) (LVA7) with clayed texture predominating in the experimental unit. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from layers of 0.00-0.03, 0.12-0.15 and 0.27-0.30 m, randomly, in the center of the interrows of coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) in monoculture plots under traditional management (in full sun) and in the plots of coffee plants intercropped with gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) (shaded) to estimate pre-consolidation pressures, through uniaxial compression tests and adjustment of soil load-bearing capacity models. The average and maximum normal stresses applied to the soil and the vertical stress distribution of three agricultural tractors used in mechanized farming operations were estimated, and the critical soil water content to the traffic of these tractors was determined for both treatments, aiding in the decision-making process regarding additional compaction risks in the area. Cultivation of gliricidia in consortium with coffee did not influence the soil load-bearing capacity. The soil layer of 0.12-0.15 m was the most vulnerable to vertical stresses in both treatments. Agricultural tractors Agrale 4100, MF 265 and MF 275 presented values of vertical stresses of 335.76, 200.24 and 245.55 kPa, respectively, and the soil water content for the traffic of agricultural machines without plastic deformation was higher in the coffee plants in full sun for all studied depths.Item Soil chemical properties and nutrition of conilon coffee fertilized with molybdenum and nitrogen(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2021-11-22) Rosado, Thiago Lopes; Freitas, Marta Simone Mendonça; Carvalho, Almy Junior Cordeiro de; Gontijo, Ivoney; Pires, André Assis; Vieira, Henrique Duarte; Barcellos, RonildoMolybdenum (Mo) availability is strongly affected by soil pH, which determines the dynamics of electrical charges and the adsorption of molybdate. This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) and Mo application on the chemical properties of a Latossolo Amarelo (Oxisol) and in Coffea canephora nutrition and productivity throughout two productive cycles under field conditions. The experiment was conducted from June 2018 to May 2020. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, the first factor being the absence and presence (4 kg ha-1 yr-1) of molybdic fertilization and the second factor was the N dose (300, 500, 700, 900, and 1,100 kg ha-1 yr-1). At the end of each production cycle, soil samples were collected to evaluate the pH(H2O), pH(KCl), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, organic matter, and Mo, at layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. Leaves were sampled from the coffee tree to determine Mo and N contents and the coffee beans were harvested to evaluate the yield of processed coffee. The results showed that urea has a high potential for soil acidification, influencing the values of exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, and ∆pH, at layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. The decrease in pH caused by increasing doses of N increased the density of positive electrical charges of the soil and reduced Mo content in the leaves of C. canephora by 67 %. The application of sodium molybdate via soil was efficient in providing Mo to Conilon coffee and provided a 3.7 % increase in the yield of processed coffee. Nevertheless, molybdic fertilization did not influence the Mo content in the soil in the evaluations carried out at the end of each production cycle.